Self calibration of downlink transmit power

ABSTRACT

Transmit power (e.g., maximum transmit power) may be defined based on the maximum received signal strength allowed by a receiver and a total received signal strength from transmitting nodes at the receiver. Transmit power may be defined for an access node (e.g., a femto node) such that a corresponding outage created in a cell (e.g., a macro cell) is limited while still providing an acceptable level of coverage for access terminals associated with the access node. An access node may autonomously adjust its transmit power based on channel measurement and a defined coverage hole to mitigate interference and perform a self-calibration process.

CLAIM OF PRIORITY UNDER 35 U.S.C. §119

This application claims the benefit of and priority to commonly owned U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 61/052,969, filed May 13, 2008, the disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference herein.

BACKGROUND

1. Field

This application relates generally to wireless communication and more specifically, but not exclusively, to improving communication performance.

2. Background

Wireless communication systems are widely deployed to provide various types of communication (e.g., voice, data, multimedia services, etc.) to multiple users. As the demand for high-rate and multimedia data services rapidly grows, there lies a challenge to implement efficient and robust communication systems with enhanced performance.

To supplement the base stations of a conventional mobile phone network (e.g., a macro cellular network), small-coverage base stations may be deployed, for example, in a user's home. Such small-coverage base stations are generally known as access point base stations, home nodeBs, or femto cells and may be used to provide more robust indoor wireless coverage to mobile units. Typically, such small-coverage base stations are connected to the Internet and the mobile operator's network via a DSL router or a cable modem.

In a typical macro cellular deployment the RF coverage is planned and managed by cellular network operators to optimize coverage. Femto base stations, on the other hand, may be installed by the subscriber personally and deployed in an ad-hoc manner. Consequently, femto cells may cause interference both on the uplink (“UL”) and downlink (“DL”) of the macro cells. For example, a femto base station installed near a window of a residence may cause significant downlink interference to any access terminals outside the house that are not served by the femto cell. Also, on the uplink, home access terminals that are served by a femto cell may cause interference at a macro cell base station (e.g., macro nodeB).

Interference between the macro and femto deployments may be mitigated by operating the femto network on a separate RF carrier frequency than the macro cellular network.

Femto cells also may interfere with one another as a result of unplanned deployment. For example, in a multi-resident apartment, a femto base station installed near a wall separating two residences may cause significant interference to a neighboring residence. Here, the strongest femto base station seen by a home access terminal (e.g., strongest in terms of RF signal strength received at the access terminal) may not necessarily be the serving base station for the access terminal due to a restricted association policy enforced by that femto base station.

RF interference issues may thus arise in a communication system where radio frequency (“RF”) coverage of femto base stations is not optimized by the mobile operator and where deployment of such base stations is ad-hoc. Thus, there is a need for improved interference management for wireless networks.

SUMMARY

A summary of sample aspects of the disclosure follows. It should be understood that any reference to the term aspects herein may refer to one or more aspects of the disclosure.

The disclosure relates in some aspect to determining transmit power (e.g., maximum power) based on the received signal strength of a best-reception macro access node and the received signal strength from all other nodes. In this way, the access node (e.g., femto node) can adaptively adjust the transmit power level depending on the macro access node signal levels and other femto node signals.

The disclosure relates in some aspects to defining transmit power for an access node (e.g., a femto node) such that a corresponding outage (e.g., a coverage hole) created in a cell (e.g., a macro cell) is limited while still providing an acceptable level of coverage for access terminals associated with the access node. In some aspects, these techniques may be employed for coverage holes in adjacent channels (e.g., implemented on adjacent RF carriers) and in co-located channels (e.g., implemented on the same RF carrier).

The disclosure relates in some aspects to autonomously adjusting downlink transmit power at an access node (e.g., a femto node) to mitigate interference. In some aspects, the transmit power is adjusted based on channel measurement and a defined coverage hole. Here, a mobile operator may specify coverage hole and/or channel characteristics used to adjust the transmit power.

In some implementations an access node measures the received signal strength of signals from a macro access node and determines transmission power limits relating to the coverage hole in the macro cell. Based on the transmission power limits, the access node may select a particular transmit power value. For example, transmit power at the access node may be adjusted based on received signal strength of the best-reception macro access node and the received signal strength from all other nodes.

The disclosure relates in some aspects to defining transmit power based on received signal strength of the best-reception macro access node and the received signal strength from all other nodes. For example, an access node may commence operation with a default transmit power (e.g., pilot fraction value) when it is installed and later dynamically adjust the transmit power based on received signal strength of the best-reception macro access node and the received signal strength from all other nodes.

The disclosure relates in some aspects to adaptively adjusting the downlink transmit power of neighboring access nodes. In some aspects, sharing of information between access nodes may be utilized to enhance network performance. For example, if an access terminal is experiencing high interference levels from a neighboring access node, information relating to this interference may be relayed to the neighbor access node via the home access node of the access terminal. As a specific example, the access terminal may send a neighbor report to its home access node, whereby the report indicates the received signal strength the access terminal sees from neighboring access nodes. The access node may then determine whether the home access terminal is being unduly interfered with by one of the access nodes in the neighbor report. If so, the access node may send a message to the interfering access node requesting that the access node reduce its transmit power. Similar functionality may be achieved through the use of a centralized power controller.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

These and other sample aspects of the disclosure will be described in the detailed description and the appended claims that follow, and in the accompanying drawings, wherein:

FIG. 1 is a simplified diagram of several sample aspects of a communication system including macro coverage and smaller scale coverage;

FIG. 2 is a simplified block diagram of several sample aspects of an access node;

FIG. 3 is a flowchart of several sample aspects of operations that may be performed to determine transmit power based on received signal strength of the best-reception macro access node and the maximum received signal strength from all other nodes;

FIG. 4 is a flowchart of several sample aspects of operations that may be performed to determine transmit power based on signal-to-noise ratio;

FIG. 5 is a simplified diagram illustrating coverage areas for wireless communication;

FIG. 6 is a simplified diagram of several sample aspects of a communication system including neighboring femto cells;

FIG. 7 is a flowchart of several sample aspects of operations that may be performed to control transmit power of a neighboring access node;

FIG. 8 is a flowchart of several sample aspects of operations that may be performed to adjust transmit power in response to a request from another node;

FIG. 9 is a simplified diagram of several sample aspects of a communication system including centralized power control;

FIG. 10 is a flowchart of several sample aspects of operations that may be performed to control transmit power of an access node using centralized power control;

FIGS. 11A and 11B are a flowchart of several sample aspects of operations that may be performed to control transmit power of an access node using centralized power control;

FIG. 12 is a simplified diagram of a wireless communication system including femto nodes;

FIG. 13 is a simplified block diagram of several sample aspects of communication components; and

FIGS. 14-15 are simplified block diagrams of several sample aspects of apparatuses configured to provide power control as taught herein.

In accordance with common practice the various features illustrated in the drawings may not be drawn to scale. Accordingly, the dimensions of the various features may be arbitrarily expanded or reduced for clarity. In addition, some of the drawings may be simplified for clarity. Thus, the drawings may not depict all of the components of a given apparatus (e.g., device) or method. Finally, like reference numerals may be used to denote like features throughout the specification and figures.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Various aspects of the disclosure are described below. It should be apparent that the teachings herein may be embodied in a wide variety of forms and that any specific structure, function, or both being disclosed herein is merely representative. Based on the teachings herein one skilled in the art should appreciate that an aspect disclosed herein may be implemented independently of any other aspects and that two or more of these aspects may be combined in various ways. For example, an apparatus may be implemented or a method may be practiced using any number of the aspects set forth herein. In addition, such an apparatus may be implemented or such a method may be practiced using other structure, functionality, or structure and functionality in addition to or other than one or more of the aspects set forth herein. Furthermore, an aspect may comprise at least one element of a claim.

FIG. 1 illustrates sample aspects of a network system 100 that includes macro scale coverage (e.g., a large area cellular network such as a 3G network, which may be commonly referred to as a macro cell network) and smaller scale coverage (e.g., a residence-based or building-based network environment). As a node such as access terminal 102A moves through the network, the access terminal 102A may be served in certain locations by access nodes (e.g., access node 104) that provide macro coverage as represented by the area 106 while the access terminal 102A may be served at other locations by access nodes (e.g., access node 108) that provide smaller scale coverage as represented by the area 110. In some aspects, the smaller coverage nodes may be used to provide incremental capacity growth, in-building coverage, and different services (e.g., for a more robust user experience).

As will be discussed in more detail below, the access node 108 may be restricted in that it may not provide certain services to certain nodes (e.g., a visitor access terminal 102B). As a result, a coverage hole (e.g., corresponding to the coverage area 110) may be created in the macro coverage area 106.

The size of the coverage hole may depend on whether the access node 104 and the access node 108 are operating on the same frequency carrier. For example, when the nodes 104 and 108 are on a co-channel (e.g., using the same frequency carrier), the coverage hole may correspond to the coverage area 110. Thus, in this case the access terminal 102A may lose macro coverage when it is within the coverage area 110 (e.g., as indicated by the phantom view of the access terminal 102B).

When the nodes 104 and 108 are on adjacent channels (e.g., using different frequency carriers), a smaller coverage hole 112 may be created in the macro coverage area 106 as a result of adjacent channel interference from the access node 108. Thus, when the access terminal 102A is operating on an adjacent channel, the access terminal 102A may receive macro coverage at a location that is closer to the access node 108 (e.g., just outside the coverage area 112).

Depending on system design parameters, the co-channel coverage hole may be relatively large. For example, when the transmit power of the small scale node 108 is 0 dBm, the radius for which the interference of the small scale node 108 is at least the same as the thermal noise floor may be on the order of 40 meters, assuming free space propagation loss and a worst case where there is no wall separation between the small scale node 108 and access terminal 102B.

A tradeoff thus exists between minimizing the outage in the macro coverage while maintaining adequate coverage within a designated smaller scale environment (e.g., femto node coverage inside a home). For example, when a restricted femto node is at the edge of the macro coverage, as a visiting access terminal approaches the femto node, the visiting access terminal is likely to lose macro coverage and drop the call. In such a case, one solution for the macro cellular network would be to move the visitor access terminal to another carrier (e.g., where the adjacent channel interference from the femto node is small). Due to limited spectrum available to each operator, however, the use of separate carrier frequencies may not always be practical. Consequently, a visitor access terminal associated with that other operator may suffer from the coverage hole created by the restricted femto node on that carrier.

As will be described in detail in conjunction with FIGS. 2-11B, a transmit power value for a node may be defined to manage such interference and/or address other similar issues. In some implementations, the defined transmit power may relate to at least one of: a maximum transmit power, transmit power for a femto node, or transmit power for transmitting a pilot signal (e.g., as indicated by a pilot fraction value).

For convenience, the following describes various scenarios where transmit power is defined for a femto node deployed within a macro network environment. Here, the term macro node refers in some aspects to a node that provides coverage over a relatively large area. The term femto node refers in some aspects to a node that provides coverage over a relatively small area (e.g., a residence). A node that provides coverage over an area that is smaller than a macro area and larger than a femto area may be referred to as a pico node (e.g., providing coverage within a commercial building). It should be appreciated that the teachings herein may be implemented with various types of nodes and systems. For example, a pico node or some other type of node may provide the same or similar functionality as a femto node for a different (e.g., larger) coverage area. Thus, a pico node may be restricted, a pico node may be associated with one or more home access terminals, and so on.

In various applications, other terminology may be used to reference a macro node, a femto node, or a pico node. For example, a macro node may be configured or referred to as an access node, base station, access point, eNodeB, macro cell, macro nodeB (“MNB”), and so on. Also, a femto node may be configured or referred to as a home nodeB (“HNB”), home eNodeB, access point base station, femto cell, and so on. Also, a cell associated with a macro node, a femto node, or a pico node may be referred to as a macro cell, a femto cell, or a pico cell, respectively. In some implementations, each cell may be further associated with (e.g., divided into) one or more sectors.

As mentioned above, a femto node may be restricted in some aspects. For example, a given femto node may only provide service to a limited set of access terminals. Thus, in deployments with so-called restricted (or closed) association, a given access terminal may be served by the macro cell mobile network and a limited set of femto nodes (e.g., femto nodes that reside within a corresponding user residence).

The restricted provisioned set of access terminals associated a restricted femto node (which may also be referred to as a Closed Subscriber Group Home nodeB) may be temporarily or permanently extended as necessary. In some aspects, a Closed Subscriber Group (“CSG”) may be defined as the set of access nodes (e.g., femto nodes) that share a common access control list of access terminals. In some implementations, all femto nodes (or all restricted femto nodes) in a region may operate on a designated channel, which may be referred to as the femto channel.

Various relationships may be defined between a restricted femto node and a given access terminal. For example, from the perspective of an access terminal, an open femto node may refer to a femto node with no restricted association. A restricted femto node may refer to a femto node that is restricted in some manner (e.g., restricted for association and/or registration). A home femto node may refer to a femto node on which the access terminal is authorized to access and operate. A guest femto node may refer to a femto node on which an access terminal is temporarily authorized to access or operate. An alien femto node may refer to a femto node on which the access terminal is not authorized to access or operate, except for perhaps emergency situations (e.g., 911 calls).

From the perspective of a restricted femto node, a home access terminal (or home user equipment, “HUE”) may refer to an access terminal that is authorized to access the restricted femto node. A guest access terminal may refer to an access terminal with temporary access to the restricted femto node. An alien access terminal may refer to an access terminal that does not have permission to access the restricted femto node, except for perhaps emergency situations such as 911 calls. Thus, in some aspects an alien access terminal may be defined as one that does not have the credentials or permission to register with the restricted femto node. An access terminal that is currently restricted (e.g., denied access) by a restricted femto cell may be referred to herein as a visitor access terminal. A visitor access terminal may thus correspond to an alien access terminal and, when service is not allowed, a guest access terminal.

FIG. 2 illustrates various components of an access node 200 (hereafter referred to as femto node 200) that may be used in one or more implementations as taught herein. For example, different configurations of the components depicted in FIG. 2 may be employed for the different examples of FIGS. 3-11B. It should thus be appreciated that in some implementations a node may not incorporate all of the components depicted in FIG. 2 while in other implementations (e.g., where a node uses multiple algorithms to determine a transmit power) a node may employ most or all of the components depicted in FIG. 2.

Briefly, the femto node 200 includes a transceiver 202 for communicating with other nodes (e.g., access terminals). The transceiver 202 includes a transmitter 204 for sending signals and a receiver 206 for receiving signals. The femto node 200 also includes a transmit power controller 208 for determining transmit power (e.g., maximum transmit power) for the transmitter 204. The femto node 200 includes a communication controller 210 for managing communications with other nodes and for providing other related functionality as taught herein. The femto node 200 includes one or more data memories 212 for storing various information. The femto node 200 also may include an authorization controller 214 for managing access to other nodes and for providing other related functionality as taught herein. The other components illustrated in FIG. 2 are described below.

Sample operations of the system 100 and the femto node 200 will be described in conjunction with the flowcharts of FIGS. 3, 4, 7, 8, and 10-11B. For convenience, the operations of FIGS. 3, 4, 7, 8, and 10-11B (or any other operations discussed or taught herein) may be described as being performed by specific components (e.g., components of the femto node 200). It should be appreciated, however, that these operations may be performed by other types of components and may be performed using a different number of components. It also should be appreciated that one or more of the operations described herein may not be employed in a given implementation.

Referring initially to FIG. 3, the disclosure relates in some aspects to defining transmit power for a transmitter based on a received signal strength of a macro node. FIG. 3 illustrates an operation that may be performed to determine transmit power based on channel conditions such as the maximum received signal strength from a macro node.

As represented by block 302, in some cases determination of transmit power for an access node may be invoked due to or may be based on a determination that a node is in a coverage area of the access node. For example, the femto node 200 may elect to recalibrate the femto's transmit power (e.g., to increase the power) if it determines that a home access terminal (e.g., a node that is authorized for data access) has entered the femto's coverage area. In addition, the femto node 200 may elect to recalibrate its transmit power (e.g., to decrease the power) if it determines that a visitor access terminal (e.g., that is not authorized for data access) has entered its coverage area. To this end, the femto node 200 may include a node detector 224 that may determine whether a particular type of node is in a given coverage area.

As represented by block 304, in the event the femto node 200 elects to calibrate its transmitter (e.g., upon power-up, periodically, or in response a trigger such as block 402), the femto node 200 may use, for example, measurement reports from access terminals to calibrate its measurements of Ecp and Io. To this end, the femto node 200 may include a transmitter calibrator 226 that may receive and act upon measurement reports for adjusting or calibrating the received signal measurements. Furthermore, calibration may rely on received signal strengths in various forms, for example, in some implementations a received signal strength determiner 228 may determine a total received signal strength value (e.g., a received signal strength indication, RSSI) from home user equipment for calibration of the measurements of received pilot strength (Ecp) and total received signal strength (Io) by the femto node 200.

As represented by block 306, the femto node 200 (e.g., the transmit power controller 208) determines a transmit power value (e.g., a maximum value) based on the received signal strength. For example, in an implementation where transmit power is based at least in part on a received signal strength indication, the transmit power may be increased in response to a decrease in received signal strength at the femto access terminal or if the received signal strength at the femto access terminal falls below a threshold level. Conversely, the transmit power may be decreased in response to an increase in the received signal strength at the femto access terminal or if the received signal strength at the femto access terminal rises above a threshold level. As a specific example, if requested DRC over a long time period is always very high, this may serve an indication that the transmit power value may be too high and the femto node 200 may therefore elect to operate at lower transmit power value.

Also, as represented by block 306, the femto node 200 (e.g., the received signal strength determiner 228) determines the received signal strength, such as the pilot strength (e.g., RSCP), of the best macro access node on the visitor access terminal's channel (this can be the same channel as femto or a different channel or both). In other words, the signal strength of the pilot signal having the highest received signal strength is determined at block 306. The received signal strength determiner 228 may determine the received pilot strength in various ways. For example, in some implementations the femto node 200 measures the pilot strength (e.g., the receiver 206 monitors the appropriate channel). In some implementations information relating to the pilot strength may be received from another node (e.g., a home access terminal). This information may take the form of, for example, an actual pilot strength measurement (e.g., from a node that measured the signal strength) or information that may be used to determine a pilot strength value and may be stored in signal strength values 232.

Accordingly, as represented by block 308 in FIG. 3, the femto node 200 of FIG. 2 (e.g., the total signal strength determiner 230) determines the total received signal strength (e.g., RSSI) on the visitor access terminal's channel (this can be the same channel as femto or a different channel or both). The total signal strength determiner 230 may determine the signal strength in various ways. For example, in some implementations the femto node 200 measures the signal strength (e.g., the receiver 206 monitors the appropriate channel). In some implementations information relating to the signal strength may be received from another node (e.g., a home access terminal) and may be stored in signal strength values 232. This information may take the form of, for example, an actual signal strength measurement (e.g., from a node that measured the signal strength) or information that may be used to determine a signal strength value.

As represented by block 310, the femto node 200 (e.g., a limit determiner 234) may calculate regulatory limits in order to prevent worst case errors in calculations and enforce any regulatory specifications and may be stored in limit values 236.

The above calculations and determinations are identified herein for a specific exemplary system. For example, in WCDMA and 1xRTT systems, pilot and control channels are code division multiplexed with traffic and are not transmitted at full power (e.g., Ecp/Io<1.0). Thus, when the femto node performs the measurements, if neighboring macro cells are not loaded, the total interference signal strength value RSSI_(MACRO) _(—) _(AC) may be lower than a corresponding value for a case wherein the neighboring macro cells are loaded. In one example, considering a worst case scenario, the femto node may estimate system loading and adjust the RSSI_(MACRO) _(—) _(AC) value to predict the value for a fully loaded system.

In the following example, all of the quantities have linear units (instead of dB) and I_(HNB) _(—) _(LINEAR) corresponds to interference created by the femto node at the visitor access terminal. As represented by block 312 of FIG. 3, the femto node 200 (e.g., the transmit power controller 208) determines the maximum transmit power based on the received signal level of transmissions from the macro node (e.g., macro cell) as received at the femto node 200. As mentioned above, the operations of FIG. 3 may be used for limiting the coverage hole on either an adjacent channel or a co-channel.

In some aspects, a femto node may thus convert the determined received power signal level from the femto node 200 into a corresponding allowed transmit power value. The transmit power may thus be defined in a manner that enables operation of a visiting access terminal at a predetermined minimum distance from a femto node (e.g., corresponding to an edge of a coverage hole), without unduly restricting the operation of the femto node's home access terminals. Consequently, it may be possible for both the visiting and home access terminals to operate effectively near the edge of the coverage hole.

As represented by block 314, in some implementations the femto node 200 may repeatedly perform any of the above transmit power calibration operations (e.g., as opposed to simply determining the transmit power a single time upon deployment). For example, the femto node 200 may use a default transmit power value when it is first deployed and may then periodically calibrate the transmit power over time. In this case, the femto node 200 may perform one or more of the operations of FIG. 3 (e.g., acquire or receive signal strength or channel quality information) at some other point(s) in time. In some cases, the transmit power may be adjusted to maintain a desired channel quality over time. In some cases, the operations may be performed on a repeated basis (e.g., daily) so that a femto node may adapt to variations in the environment (e.g., a neighbor apartment unit installs a new femto node). In some cases, such a calibration operation may be adapted to mitigate large and/or rapid changes in transmit power (e.g., through the use of a hysteresis or filtering technique).

With the above in mind, additional considerations relating to scenarios where a macro access terminal (e.g., a visitor access terminal) that is not associated with a femto node is at or near a coverage area of the femto node will now be treated. Here, a femto node (e.g., located near a window) may jam macro access terminals passing by (e.g., on a street) if these macro access terminals are not be able to handoff to the femto node due to a restricted association requirement.

The following parameters will be used in the discussion:

-   Ecp_(MNB) _(—) _(UE): Received pilot strength (RSCP) from the best     macro access node (e.g., MNB) by the macro access terminal (e.g.,     UE) (in linear units). -   Ecp_(MNB) _(—) _(HNB): Received pilot strength (RSCP) from best     macro access node by the femto node (e.g., HNB) (in linear units). -   Ec_(HNB) _(—) _(UE): Total received signal strength (RSSI) from the     femto node by the macro access terminal (in linear units). (Also     known as RSSI_(MNB) _(—) _(UE)).

Referring now to FIG. 4, in some implementations the maximum transmit power defined by the femto node 200 may be constrained based on a signal-to-noise ratio for a home access terminal located around the edge of a coverage hole. For example, if the signal-to-noise ratio is higher than expected at a home access terminal that is located where the coverage hole is expected to end, this means that the coverage hole may in fact be much larger than desired. As a result, undue interference may be imposed on visitor access terminals near the intended coverage edge.

The disclosure relates in some aspects to reducing the transmit power if the signal-to-noise ratio at the home access terminal is higher than expected. The following parameters are used in the discussion that follows:

-   Io_(UE): Total received signal strength (Io) by the home access     terminal (e.g., UE) from all access nodes (e.g., NodeBs) in the     absence of the femto node (in linear units). -   Io_(HNB): Total received signal strength (Io) by the home access     terminal from all other access nodes (e.g., macro and femto access     nodes) in the system (in linear units). -   PL_(HNB) _(—) _(edge): Path loss from the femto node (e.g., HNB) to     the home access terminal at the coverage edge (in dB units).

When a femto node is not transmitting, received Ecp/Io by a macro access terminal may be:

$\begin{matrix} {{{{Ecp}/{Io}}❘_{{HNB\_ not}{\_ transmitting}}} = \frac{{Ecp}_{MNB\_ UE}}{{Io}_{UE}}} & {{EQUATION}\mspace{14mu} 1} \end{matrix}$

When the femto node is transmitting, received Ecp/Io by the access terminal may be:

$\begin{matrix} {{{Ecp}/{Io}}❘_{HNB\_ transmitting}\frac{{Ecp}_{MNB\_ UE}}{{IO}_{UE} + {Ec}_{HNB\_ UE}}} & {{EQUATION}\mspace{14mu} 2} \end{matrix}$

The parameter [Ecp/Io]_(min) is defined as the minimum required Ecp/Io for the macro access terminal to have proper service (e.g., as discussed above at FIG. 3). Assuming the macro access terminal is at the edge of a femto node coverage hole and the coverage hole is limited to a certain value (e.g., PL_(HNB) _(—) _(edge)=80 dB), then one may impose the following condition for the femto node downlink maximum transmit power: P_(HNB) _(—) _(max) (e.g., to maintain [Ecp/Io]_(min) for a macro access terminal):

$\begin{matrix} {P_{HNB\_ max} < {\begin{bmatrix} {\left( \frac{{Ecp}_{MNB\_ UE}}{\left\lbrack {{Ecp}/{Io}} \right\rbrack_{\min}} \right) -} \\ {Io}_{UE} \end{bmatrix} \cdot 10^{({{PL}_{{HNB}\_{edge}}/10})}}} & {{EQUATION}\mspace{14mu} 3} \end{matrix}$

Similarly, if a home access terminal (e.g., a home UE, HUE) that is serviced by the femto node is located at the edge of the femto coverage, the SNR (the term SINR, e.g., including interference, will be used in the following discussion) experienced by the home access terminal may be described as:

$\begin{matrix} {{{SIN}\; R_{HUE}} = \frac{P_{HNB\_ max}}{{IO}_{UE} \cdot 10^{({{PL}_{HNB\_ edge}/10})}}} & {{EQUATION}\mspace{14mu} 4} \end{matrix}$

In some cases Equation 3 may yield to relatively large transmit power levels for the femto node which may result in unnecessarily high SINR_(HUE). This may mean, for example, that if a new femto node is installed in the vicinity of the old femto node, the new femto node may end up receiving a high level of interference from the previously installed femto node. As a result, the newly installed femto node may be confined to a lower transmit power level and may not provide sufficient SINR for its home access terminals. To prevent this type of effect an SINR cap may be used for the home access terminal at the edge of its home access terminal coverage as: [SINR]_(max) _(—) _(at) _(—) _(HNB) _(—) _(edge). Thus, one may provide a second constraint for the P_(HNB) _(—) _(max) as: P _(HNB) _(—) _(max)<[SNR]_(max) _(—) _(at) _(—) _(HNB) _(—) _(edge) ·Io _(UE)·10^((PL) ^(HNB) _(—edge) ^(/10))  EQUATION 5

To apply constraints as described in Equations 3 and 5 one may measure Ecp_(MNB) _(—) _(UE) and Io_(UE) at the edge of desired HNB coverage (PL_(HNB) _(—) _(edge)). Since professional installation may not be practical for femto nodes (e.g., due to financial constraints), a femto node may estimate these quantities by its own measurements of the downlink channel. For example, the femto node may make measurements: Ecp_(MNB) _(—) _(HNB) and Io_(HNB) to estimate Ecp_(MNB) _(—) _(UE) and Io_(UE) respectively. This scenario is discussed in more detail below in conjunction with Equation 19. Since the femto node location is different than the access terminal location there may be some error in these measurements.

In the exemplary embodiment, if the femto node uses its own measurements for adaptation of its own transmit power, this error could result in lower or higher transmit power values compared to optimum. As a practical method to prevent worst cases errors, certain upper and lower limits may be enforced on P_(HNB) _(—) _(max) as P_(HNB) _(—) _(max) _(—) _(limit) and P_(HNB) _(—) _(min) _(—) _(limit) (e.g., as discussed above).

In view of the above, referring to block 402 FIG. 4, a transmit power adjustment algorithm may thus involve identifying a home access terminal near a coverage edge of a femto node. In the example of FIG. 2, this operation may be performed by the node detector 224. In some implementations, the position of the home access terminal may be determined based on path loss measurements between the home access terminal and the femto node (e.g., as discussed herein).

At block 404, the femto node 200 (e.g., an SNR determiner 242) may determine SNR values (e.g., SINR) associated with the home access terminal. In some cases, this may involve receiving SNR information from the home access terminal (e.g., in a channel quality report or a measurement report). For example, the home access terminal may send measured RSSI information or calculated SNR information to the femto node 200. In some cases, CQI information provided by the home access terminal may be correlated (e.g., by a known relationship) to an SNR value of the home access terminal. Thus, the femto node 200 may derive SNR from received channel quality information.

As mentioned above, determining an SNR value may involve the femto node 200 autonomously calculating the SNR value as discussed herein. For example, in cases where the femto node 200 performs the measurement operations on its own, the femto node 200 may initially measure:

-   Ecp_(MNB) _(—) _(HNB): Total received pilot strength from best macro     access node by the femto node. -   Io_(HNB): Total received signal strength (Io) by the femto node from     all other access nodes (e.g., macro and femto nodes) in the system.

The femto node 200 may then determine upper power limits:

$\begin{matrix} {\mspace{70mu}{P_{{HNB\_ max}\_ 1} = {\begin{bmatrix} {\left( \frac{{Ecp}_{MNB\_ HNB}}{\left\lbrack {{Ecp}/{Io}} \right\rbrack_{\min}} \right) -} \\ {Io}_{HNB} \end{bmatrix} \cdot 10^{({{PL}_{HNB\_ edge}/10})}}}} & {{EQUATION}\mspace{14mu} 6} \\ {P_{{HNB\_ max}\_ 2} = {\left\lbrack {{SIN}\; R} \right\rbrack_{{max\_ at}{\_ HNB}{\_ edge}} \cdot \begin{matrix} {{Io}_{HNB} \cdot} \\ 10^{({{PL}_{HNB\_ edge}/10})} \end{matrix}}} & {{EQUATION}\mspace{14mu} 7} \end{matrix}$

Here, Equation 6 relates to the maximum transmit power determined in a similar manner as discussed in FIG. 3 and Equation 7 relates to determining another maximum limit for the transmit power based on SNR. It may be observed that Equation 6 is similar to Equation 3 except that Io is measured at the femto node. Thus, Equation 6 ensures that the Ecp/Io of a macro access terminal at the home node B coverage edge does not fall below the minimum Ecp/Io. In both of these equations, the determined transmit power is based on signals received at the femto node and on the path loss to the coverage edge (e.g., based on the distance to the edge).

At block 406 of FIG. 4, the femto node 200 (e.g., the transmit power controller 208) may determine the transmit power based on the maximums defined by Equations 6 and 7. In addition, as mentioned above the final maximum power value may be constrained by absolute minimum and maximum values: P _(HNB) _(—) _(total)=max└P _(HNB) _(—) _(min) _(—) _(limit),min(P _(HNB) _(—) _(max) _(—) ₁ ,P _(HNB) _(—) _(max) _(—) ₂ ,P _(HNB) _(—) _(max) _(—) _(limit)┘)  EQUATION 8

As an example of Equation 8, PL_(HNB) _(—) _(edge) may be specified to be 80 dB, P_(HNB) _(—) _(max) _(—) _(limit) may be specified to be 20 dBm, P_(HNB) _(—) _(min) _(—) _(limit) may be specified to be −10 dBm, and [SINR]_(max) _(—) _(at) _(—) _(HNB) _(—) _(edge) and [Ecp/Io]_(min) may depend on the particular air interface technology in use.

As mentioned above, the teachings herein may be implemented in a wireless network that includes macro coverage areas and femto coverage areas. FIG. 5 illustrates an example of a coverage map 500 for a network where several tracking areas 502 (or routing areas or location areas) are defined. Specifically, areas of coverage associated with tracking areas 502A, 502B, and 502C are delineated by the wide lines in FIG. 5.

The system provides wireless communication via multiple cells 504 (represented by the hexagons), such as, for example, macro cells 504A and 504B, with each cell being serviced by a corresponding access node 506 (e.g., access nodes 506A-506C). As shown in FIG. 5, access terminals 508 (e.g., access terminals 508A and 508B) may be dispersed at various locations throughout the network at a given point in time. Each access terminal 508 may communicate with one or more access nodes 506 on a forward link (“FL”) and/or a reverse link (“RL) at a given moment, depending upon whether the access terminal 508 is active and whether it is in soft handoff, for example. The network may provide service over a large geographic region. For example, the macro cells 504 may cover several blocks in a neighborhood. To reduce the complexity of FIG. 5, only a few access nodes, access terminals, and femto nodes are shown.

The tracking areas 502 also include femto coverage areas 510. In this example, each of the femto coverage areas 510 (e.g., femto coverage area 510A) is depicted within a macro coverage area 504 (e.g., macro coverage area 504B). It should be appreciated, however, that a femto coverage area 510 may not lie entirely within a macro coverage area 504. In practice, a large number of femto coverage areas 510 may be defined with a given tracking area 502 or macro coverage area 504. Also, one or more pico coverage areas (not shown) may be defined within a given tracking area 502 or macro coverage area 504. To reduce the complexity of FIG. 5, only a few access nodes 506, access terminals 508, and femto nodes 510 are shown.

FIG. 6 illustrates a network 600 where femto nodes 602 are deployed in an apartment building. Specifically, a femto node 602A is deployed in apartment 1 and a femto node 602B is deployed in apartment 2 in this example. The femto node 602A is the home femto for an access terminal 604A. The femto node 602B is the home femto for an access terminal 604B.

As illustrated in FIG. 6, for the case where the femto nodes 602A and 602B are restricted, each access terminal 604 may only be served by its associated (e.g., home) femto node 602. In some cases, however, restricted association may result in negative geometry situations and outages of femto nodes. For example, in FIG. 6 the femto node 602A is closer to the access terminal 604B than the femto node 602B and may therefore provide a stronger signal at the access terminal 604B. As a result, the femto node 602A may unduly interfere with reception at the access terminal 604B. Such a situation may thus affect the coverage radius around the femto node 602B at which an associated access terminal 604 may initially acquire the system and remain connected to the system.

Referring now to FIGS. 7-11B, the disclosure relates in some aspects to adaptively adjusting transmit power (e.g., maximum downlink transmit power) of neighboring access nodes to mitigate scenarios of negative geometries. For example, as mentioned above maximum transmit power may be defined for overhead channels that are then transmitted as their default fraction of the maximum access node transmit power. For illustration purposes, the following describes a scenario where transmit power of a femto node is controlled based on a measurement report generated by an access terminal associated with a neighboring femto node. It should be appreciated, however, that the teachings herein may be applied to other types of nodes.

Transmit power control as taught herein may be implemented through a distributed power control scheme implemented at the femto nodes and/or through the use of a centralized power controller. In the former case, adjustments of transmit power may be accomplished through the use of signaling between neighboring femto nodes (e.g., femto nodes associated with the same operator). Such signaling may be accomplished, for example, through the use of upper layer signaling (e.g., via the backhaul) or appropriate radio components. In the latter case mentioned above, adjustments to transmit power of a given femto node may be accomplished via signaling between femto nodes and a centralized power controller.

The femto nodes and/or the centralized power controller may utilize measurements reported by access terminals and evaluate one or more coverage criteria to determine whether to send a request to a femto node to reduce transmit power. A femto node that receives such a request may respond by lowering its transmit power if it is able to maintain its coverage radius and if its associated access terminals would remain in good geometry conditions.

FIG. 7 describes several operations relating to an implementation where neighboring femto nodes may cooperate to control one another's transmit power. Here, various criteria may be employed to determine whether transmit power of a neighbor node should be adjusted. For example, in some aspects a power control algorithm may attempt to maintain a particular coverage radius around the femto node (e.g., a certain CPICH Ecp/Io is maintained a certain path loss away from the femto node). In some aspects a power control algorithm may attempt to maintain a certain quality of service (e.g., throughput) at an access terminal. Initially, the operations of FIGS. 7 and 8 will be described in the context of the former algorithm.

As represented by block 702 of FIG. 7, a given femto node initially set its transmit power to defined value. For example, all of the femto nodes in the system may initially set their respective transmit power to the maximum transmit power that still mitigates the introduction of coverage holes in a macro coverage area. As a specific example, the transmit power for a femto node may be set so that the CPICH Ecp/Io of a macro access terminal at a certain path loss away (e.g. 80 dB) from the femto node is above a certain threshold (e.g. −18 dB). In some implementations, the femto nodes may employ one or more of the algorithms described above in conjunction with FIGS. 2-4 to establish a maximum transmit power value.

As represented by block 704, each access terminal in the network (e.g., each access terminal associated with a femto node) may measure the signal strength of signals that it receives in its operating band. Each access terminal may then generate a neighbor report including, for example, the CPICH RSCP (pilot strength) of its femto node, the CPICH RSCP of all femto nodes in its neighbor list, and the RSSI of the operating band.

In some aspects, each access terminal may perform this operation in response to a request from its home femto node. For example, a given femto node may maintain a list of neighboring femto nodes that it sends to its home access terminals. This neighbor list may be supplied to the femto node by an upper layer process or the femto node may populate the list on its own by monitoring downlink traffic (provided the femto node includes appropriate circuitry to do so). The femto node may repeatedly (e.g., periodically) send a request to its home access terminals for the neighbor report.

As represented by blocks 706 and 708, the femto node (e.g., the transmit power controller 208 of FIG. 2) determines whether signal reception at each of its home access terminals is acceptable. For example, for an implementation that seeks to maintain a particular coverage radius, a given femto node “i” (e.g., home nodeB, “HNB”) may estimate the CPICH Ecp/Io_i of a given associated access terminal “i” (e.g., home user equipment, “HUE”) assuming the access terminal “i” is a certain path loss (PL) away from the femto node “i” (e.g., assuming the location measured by the femto node “i” will not change much). Here Ecp/Io_i for the access terminal “i” is

$\begin{matrix} {{{Ecp}/{Io\_ i}} = {\frac{{Ecp}_{{HNB\_ HUE}{\_ i}}}{{Io}_{HUE\_ i}}.}} & {{EQUATION}\mspace{14mu} 9} \end{matrix}$

In some implementations, a femto node (e.g., the signal strength determiner 226) may determine RSSI on behalf of its home access terminals. For example, the femto node may determine RSSI for an access terminal based on the RSCP values reported by an access terminal. In such a case, the access terminal need not send an RSSI value in the neighbor report. In some implementations, a femto node may determine (e.g., estimate) RSSI and/or RSCP on behalf of its home access terminals. For example, the signal strength determiner 226 may measure RSSI at the femto node and the received pilot strength determiner 228 may measure RSCP at the femto node.

The femto node “i” may determine whether Ecp/Io_i is less than or equal to a threshold to determine whether coverage for the access terminal “i” is acceptable. If coverage is acceptable, the operational flow may return back to block 704 where the femto node “i” waits to receive the next neighbor report. In this way, the femto node may repeatedly monitor conditions at its home access terminals over time.

If coverage is not acceptable at block 708, the femto node “i” may commence operations to adjust the transmit power of one or more neighboring femto nodes. Initially, as represented by block 710, the femto node “i” may set its transmit power to the maximum allowed value (e.g., the maximum value discussed at block 702). Here, the transmit power of the femto node “i” may have been reduced after it was set the maximum value at block 702, for example, if the femto node “i” had obeyed an intervening request from a neighboring femto node to reduce its transmit power. In some implementations, after increasing the transmit power, the femto node “i” may determine whether the coverage for the access terminal “i” is now acceptable. If so, the operational flow may return back to block 704 as discussed above. If not, the operational flow may proceed to block 712 as discussed below. In some implementations the femto node “i” may perform the following operations without checking the effect of block 710.

As represented by block 712, the femto node “i” (e.g., the transmit power controller 208) may rank the femto nodes in the neighbor report by the strength of their corresponding RSCPs as measured by the access terminal. A ranked list of the potentially interfering nodes 246 may then be stored in the data memory 212. As will be discussed below, the operational block 712 may exclude any neighboring femto node that has sent a NACK in response to a request to reduce transmit power and where a timer associated with that NACK has not yet expired.

As represented by block 714, the femto node “i” (e.g., the transmit power controller 208) selects the strongest interfering neighboring femto node (e.g., femto node “j”) and determines by how much that femto node should reduce its transmit power to maintain a given Ecp/Io for access terminal “i” at the designated coverage radius (path loss). In some aspects the amount (e.g., percentage) of power reduction may be represented by a parameter alpha_p. In some aspects, the operations of block 714 may involve determining whether Ecp/Io_i is greater than or equal to a threshold as discussed above.

Next, the femto node “i” (e.g., the transmitter 204 and the communication controller 210) sends a message to the femto node “j” requesting it to lower its power by the designated amount (e.g., alpha_p). Sample operations that the femto node “j” may perform upon receipt of such request are described below in conjunction with FIG. 8.

As represented by block 716, the femto node “i” (e.g., the receiver 206 and the communication controller 210) will receive a message from the femto node “j” in response to the request of block 714. In the event the femto node “j” elected to reduce its transmit power by the requested amount, the femto node “j” will respond to the request with an acknowledgment (ACK). In this case, the operational flow may return to block 704 as described above.

In the event the femto node “j” elected to not reduce its transmit power by the requested amount, the femto node “j” will respond to the request with a negative acknowledgment (NACK). In its response, the femto node “j” may indicate that it did not reduce its power at all or that it reduced its power by a given amount less than the requested amount. In this case, the operational flow may return to block 712 where the femto node “i” may re-rank the femto nodes in the neighbor report according to the RSCP measured by the access terminal “i” (e.g., based on a newly received neighbor report). Here, however, the femto node “j” will be excluded from this ranking as long as the timer associated with its NACK has not expired. The operations of blocks 712 through 718 may thus be repeated until the femto node “i” determines that the Ecp/Io for the access terminal “i” is at the target value or has improved as much as possible.

FIG. 8 illustrates sample operations that may be performed by a femto node that receives a request to reduce transmit power. The receipt of such a request is represented by block 802. In an implementation where the node 200 of FIG. 2 is also capable of performing these operations, the operations of block 802 may be performed at least in part by the receiver 206 and the communication controller 210, the operations of blocks 804-808 and 812-814 may be performed at least in part by the transmit power controller 208, and the operations of blocks 810 may be performed at least in part by the transmitter 204 and the communication controller 210.

At blocks 804 and 806, the femto node determines whether coverage for one or more home access terminals will be acceptable if the transmit power is adjusted as requested. For example, the femto node “j” may evaluate a request to lower its transmit power to alpha_p*HNB_Tx_j by determining whether each of its access terminals may pass a test similar to the test of described at block 706. Here, the femto node “j” may determine whether the Ecp/Io of an associated access terminal at a designated coverage radius is greater than or equal to a threshold value.

If coverage is acceptable at block 806, the femto node “j” reduces its transmit power by the requested amount for a defined period of time (block 808). At block 810, the femto node “j” responds to the request with an ACK. The operational flow may then return to block 802 whereby the femto node processes any additional requests to reduce transmit power as they are received.

If coverage is not acceptable at block 806, the femto node “j” determines how much it may lower its transmit power such that the test of block 804 passes (block 812). Here, it should be appreciated that in some cases the femto node “j” may elect to not reduce its transmit power at all.

At block 814, the femto node “j” reduces its transmit power by the amount determined at block 812, if applicable, for a defined period of time. This amount may be represented by, for example, the value beta_p*HNB_Tx_j.

At block 816, the femto node “j” will then respond to the request with a negative acknowledgment (NACK). In its response, the femto node “j” may indicate that it did not reduce its power at all or that it reduced its power by a given amount (e.g., beta_p*HNB_Tx_j). The operational flow may then return to block 802 as described above.

In some implementations, the femto node “i” and the femto node “j” maintain respective timers that count for a defined period time in conjunction with an ACK or a NACK. Here, after its timer expires, the femto node “j” may reset its transmit power back to the previous level. In this way, the femto node “j” may avoid being penalized in the event the femto node “i” has moved.

Also, in some cases each femto node in the network may store the measurements (e.g., the neighbor reports) that it received from an access terminal the last time the access terminal connected with the femto node. In this way, in the event no access terminals are currently connected to the femto node, the femto node may calculate a minimum transmit power to ensure Ecp/Io coverage for initial acquisition.

If the femto node has sent requests to all neighboring femto nodes to reduce their power and cannot yet maintain the desired coverage at the specified coverage radius, the femto node may calculate how much its common pilot Ec/Ior needs to be increased above its default level to reach the target coverage. The femto node may then raise the fraction of its pilot power accordingly (e.g., within a preset maximum value).

An implementation that utilizes a scheme such as the one described above to maintain a coverage radius may thus be used to effectively set transmit power values in a network. For example, such a scheme may set a lower bound on the geometry (and throughput) an access terminal will have if it is within the designated coverage radius. Moreover, such a scheme may result in power profiles being more static whereby a power profile may only change when a femto node is added to or removed from the network. In some implementations, to eliminate further CPICH outage the above scheme may be modified such that the CPICH Ec/Ior is adapted according to measurements collected at the femto node.

A given femto node may perform the operations of blocks 704-718 for all of its associated access terminals. If more than one access terminal is associated with a femto node, the femto node may send a request to an interfering femto node whenever any one of its associated access terminals is being interfered with.

Similarly when evaluating whether or not to respond to a request to reduce transmit power, a femto node performs the test of block 804 for all its associated access terminals. The femto node may then select the minimum power that will guarantee an acceptable performance to all its associated access terminals.

In addition, each femto node in the network may perform these operations for its respective access terminals. Hence, each node in the network may send a request to a neighboring node to reduce transmit power or may receive a request from a neighboring node to reduce transmit power. The femto nodes may perform these operations in an asynchronous manner with respect to one another.

As mentioned above, in some implementations a quality of service criterion (e.g., throughput) may be employed to determine whether to reduce transmit power of a femto node. Such a scheme may be employed in addition to or instead of the above scheme.

In a similar manner as discussed above, RSCP_i_j is defined as the CPICH RSCP of femto node “j” (HNB_j) as measured by access terminal “i” (HUE_i). RSSI_i is the RSSI as measured by access terminal “i.” Ecp/Io_i and Ecp/Nt_i, respectively, are the CPICH Ecp/Io and the CPICH SINR (signal to interference and noise ratio) of access terminal “i” from its associated femto node “i” (HNB_i). The femto node calculates the following:

$\begin{matrix} {\left( {{Ecp}\text{/}{Io\_ i}} \right) = \frac{RSCP\_ i}{RSSI\_ i}} & {{EQUATION}\mspace{14mu} 10} \\ {{SINR\_ i} = \frac{{RSCP\_ i}\text{/}\left( {{Ecp}\text{/}{Ior}} \right)}{{RSSI\_ i} - {{RSCP\_ i}\text{/}\left( {{Ecp}\text{/}{Ior}} \right)}}} & {{EQUATION}\mspace{14mu} 11} \end{matrix}$ where Ecp/Ior is the ratio of the CPICH pilot transmit power to the total power of the cell.

The femto node estimates the Ecp/Io of the home access terminal if it were at the edge of the femto node coverage corresponding to a path loss of PL_(HNB) _(—) _(Coverage):

$\begin{matrix} {\left( {{Ecp}\text{/}{Io\_ i}} \right)_{HNB\_ Coverage} = \frac{{RSCP\_ i}{\_ i}_{HNB\_ Coverage}}{RSSI\_ i}} & {{EQUATION}\mspace{14mu} 12} \end{matrix}$

where RSCP_i_i_(HNB) _(—) _(Coverage) is the received pilot strength at access terminal “i” from its own femto node “i” at the edge of the femto node “i” coverage. The edge of coverage corresponds to a path loss (PL) from the femto node equal PL_(HNB) _(—) _(Coverage) and RSCP_(—) i _(—) i _(HNB) _(—) _(Coverage)=HNB_(—) Tx _(—) i*(Ecp/Ior)/PL _(HNB) _(—) _(Coverage)  EQUATION 13

Let (Ecp/Io)_Trgt_A be a threshold on the CPICH Ecp/Io preconfigured in the femto node. The femto node checks the following: (Ecp/Io _(—) i)_(HNB) _(—) _(Coverage)>(Ecp/Io)_(—) Trgt _(—) A?  EQUATION 14

If the answer is YES, the femto node does not send a request to reduce transmit power. If the answer is NO, the femto node sends a request to reduce transmit power as described below. In addition, or alternatively, the femto node may perform a similar test relating to throughput (e.g., SINR_i).

The femto node sets its power to the maximum allowed by the macro cell coverage hole condition. The femto node “i” ranks the neighbor cells in descending order of the home access terminal's reported RSCP. The femto node “i” picks the neighbor cell femto node “j” with the highest RSCP value, RSCP_i_j.

The serving femto node “i” calculates how much femto node “j” needs to lower its transmit power such that the performance of its access terminal “i” improves. Let (Ecp/Io)_Trgt_A be a target CPICH Ecp/Io for the home access terminal that is preconfigured in the femto node. This target Ecp/Io can be chosen such that home access terminals are not in outage. It can also be more aggressive to guarantee a minimum geometry of the home access terminals to maintain a certain data throughput or performance criteria. The desired RSCP_i_j_trgt seen by access terminal “i” from neighbor femto node “j” to maintain (Ecp/Io)_Trgt_A may be calculated as:

$\begin{matrix} {{{RSCP\_ i}{\_ j}{\_ Trgt}} = {\frac{\begin{matrix} {\left( {{Ecp}\text{/}{Ior}} \right)*} \\ {{RSCP\_ i}{\_ i}_{{HNB}\_{Coverage}}} \end{matrix}}{\left( {{Ecp}\text{/}{Io}} \right){\_ Trgt}{\_ A}} - {\left( {{Ecp}\text{/}{Ior}} \right)*{RSSI\_ i}} + {{RSCP\_ i}{\_ j}}}} & {{EQUATION}\mspace{14mu} 15} \end{matrix}$

In addition, or alternatively, the femto node may perform a similar test relating to throughput. The femto node “i” calculates the ratio alpha_p_j by which femto node “j” should lower its power as: alpha_(—) p _(—) j=RSCP _(—) i _(—) j _(—) Trgt/RSCP_(—) i _(—) j  EQUATION 16

The femto node “i” sends a request to femto node “j” to lower its transmit power by a ratio alpha_p_j. As discussed herein this request may be sent through upper layer signaling (backhaul) to a centralized algorithm or sent to femto node “j” directly from femto node “i.”

The femto node “j” evaluates whether it may respond to the request of femto node “i” by making its transmit power HNB_Tx_new_j=alpha_p_j*HNB_Tx_j, where HNB_Tx_j is set as above. In some implementations the femto node “j” checks two tests.

Test 1: This test is based on the scheme previously described for FIG. 7. The CPICH Ecp/Io of an associated home access terminal, which is away from the femto node “j” by the coverage radius, is above a certain threshold (Ecp/Io)_Trgt_B. This test is to guarantee that its own UE have an acceptable performance within a certain radius around the femto node and another registered home access terminal can also acquire the femto node. This is calculated as follows:

$\begin{matrix} {\left( {{Ecp}\text{/}{Io\_ j}} \right)_{HNB\_ Coverage} = \frac{{RSCP\_ j}{\_ j}_{HNB\_ Coverage}}{RSSI\_ j}} & {{EQUATION}\mspace{14mu} 17} \end{matrix}$

where RSSI_j and RSCP_j_j are the RSSI and RSCP reported by HUE_j at the coverage radius (or otherwise estimated by HNB_j) to femto node “j” before transmit power modification. The test is (Ecp/Io _(—) j)_(HNB) _(—) _(Coverage)>(Ecp/Io)_(—) Trgt _(—) B?  EQUATION 18

Test 2: The CPICH SINR of HUE_j is greater than a certain target to maintain a certain performance criterion (e.g., quality of service such as throughput): SINR_new_(—) j_>SINR_(—) Trgt?  EQUATION 19 where

$\begin{matrix} {{{SINR\_ new}{\_ j}} = \frac{{alpha\_ p}{\_ j}*{RSCP\_ j}{\_ j}}{{RSSI\_ j} - {{RSCP\_ j}{\_ j}\text{/}\left( {{Ecp}\text{/}{Ior}} \right)}}} & {{EQUATION}\mspace{14mu} 20} \end{matrix}$

If either or both tests pass (depending on the particular implementation), femto node “j” lowers its transmit power to be alpha_p_j*HNB_Tx_j and sends an ACK to femto node “i”, given that the new power is above the minimum allowed (e.g. −20 dBm).

If one or both tests fail, femto node “j” does not lower its transmit power to the required value. Instead, it calculates how much it can lower its transmit power without hurting its performance. In other words, in an implementation that uses both tests, the femto node may calculate its new transmit powers such that both Test 1 and Test 2 pass and lowers its transmit power to the higher of the two. However, if with the current femto node “j” power settings either test fails, then femto node “j” does not lower its power. The femto nodes may also lower their power to a minimum standardized limit (e.g., as discussed herein). In all these cases, femto node “j” may report a NACK to femto node “i” with its final power settings.

The algorithms discussed above allow femto nodes to adaptively adjust their transmit powers in a collaborative fashion. These algorithm have many parameters which can be adjusted (e.g., by an operator) such as, for example, Ecp/Io_Trgt_A, Coverage_radius, Ecp/Io_Trgt_B, SINR_Trgt, and the timers. The algorithms may be further refined by making the thresholds adapted by a learning process.

In some aspects, the timers may be varied (e.g., independently) to optimize system performance. If an access terminal “i” is not connected to a femto node “i,” and femto node “j” is already transmitting to access terminal “j,” access terminal “i” may not be able to acquire femto node “i” due to its low CPICH Ecp/Io. The above algorithm may then be modified such that each femto node tries to maintain a minimum CPICH Ecp/Io within a certain radius around the femto node. A disadvantage of this is that neighbor access terminal “j” may be penalized while femto node “i” has no access terminal associated with it. To avoid continuously penalizing neighbor femto nodes, femto node “i” will send in its request to neighbor femto node “j” an indication that this request is for initial acquisition. If femto node “j” responds by lowering its power, it sets a timer and femto node “i” sets a larger timer. The femto node “j” will reset its transmit power to its default value after its timer expires but femto node “i” will not send another request (for initial acquisition) to femto node “j” until the timer for femto node “i” expires. An issue remains in that femto node “i” may have to estimate the RSSI_i as there is not an access terminal associated with it. The femto node “i” also may have to estimate the neighboring interferers RSCP_j. However, the strongest interferers the femto nodes see are not necessarily the strongest interferers its access terminals will see.

To alleviate the initial acquisition problem, access terminals may also be allowed to camp in idle mode on neighboring femto nodes with the same PLMN_ID. The access terminals may read the neighbor list on the camped femto node which may contain the scrambling code and timing of its own femto node. This can put the access terminal at an advantage when acquiring its femto node at negative geometries.

Referring now to FIGS. 9-11B, implementations that employ a centralized power controller to control the transmit power of femto nodes are described. FIG. 9 illustrates a sample system 900 including a centralized controller 902, femto nodes 904, and access terminals 906. Here, femto node 904A is associated with access terminal 906A and femto node 904B is associated with access terminal 906B. The centralized power controller 902 includes a transceiver 910 (with transmitter 912 and receiver 914 components) as well as a transmit power controller 916. In some aspects, these components may provide functionality similar to the functionality of the similarly named components of FIG. 2.

FIG. 10 describes various operations that may be performed in an implementation where a femto node (e.g., femto node 904A) simply forwards the neighbor list information it receives from its associated access terminal (e.g., access terminal 906A) to the centralized power controller 902. The centralized power controller 902 may then perform operations similar to those described above to request a femto node (e.g., femto node 904B) that is in the vicinity of the femto node 904A to reduce its transmit power.

The operations blocks 1002 and 1004 may be similar to the operations of blocks 702 and 704 discussed above. At block 1006, the femto node 904A forwards a neighbor list 908A it receives from the access terminal 906A to the centralized power controller 902. The operations of blocks 1002-1006 may be repeated on a regular basis (e.g., periodically) whenever the femto node 904A receives a neighbor report from the access terminal 906A.

As represented by block 1008, the centralized power controller 902 may receive similar information from other femto nodes in the network. At block 1010, the centralized power controller 902 may then perform operations similar to those discussed above (e.g., at block 706) to determine whether a femto node should reduce its transmit power. In some aspects, the centralized power controller 902 may make a power control decision based on information it receives relating to conditions at multiple femto nodes. For example, if a given femto node is interfering with several other femto nodes, the centralized power controller 902 may attempt to reduce the power of that femto node first.

At block 1012, the centralized power controller 902 sends a message to each femto node that the centralized controller 900 determines should reduce its transmit power. As above, this request may indicate the degree to which a designated femto node should reduce its power. These operations may be similar to the operations of blocks 712 and 714.

The centralized power controller 902 receives responses from the femto nodes at block 1014. As represented by block 1016, if no NACKs are received in response to the requests issued at block 1012, the operational flow for the centralized power controller 902 returns to block 1008 where the centralized controller 902 continues to receive information from the femto nodes in the network and performs the power control operations described above.

If, on the other hand, one or more NACKs are received in response to the requests issued at block 1012, the operational flow for the centralized power controller 902 returns to block 1010 where the centralized controller 902 may identify other femto nodes that should reduce their transmit power and then sends out new power control messages. Again, these operations may be similar to blocks 712 and 714 discussed above.

FIGS. 11A and 11B describe various operations that may be performed in an implementation where a femto node (e.g., femto node 904A) identifies a neighboring femto node (e.g., femto node 904B) that should reduce its power and sends this information to the centralized power controller 902. The centralized power controller 902 may then send a request to the femto node 904B to reduce its transmit power.

The operations blocks 1102-1112 may be similar to the operations of blocks 702-712 discussed above. At block 1114, the femto node 904A sends a message identifying the femto node 904B to the centralized power controller 902. Such a message may take various forms. For example, the message may simply identify a single femto node (e.g., femto node 904B) or the message may comprise a ranking of femto nodes (e.g., as described above at block 712). Such a list also may include some or all of the neighbor report the femto node 904A received from the access terminal 906A. The operations of blocks 1102-1114 may be repeated on a regular basis (e.g., periodically) whenever the femto node 904A receives a neighbor report from the access terminal 906A.

As represented by block 1116, the centralized power controller 902 may receive similar information from other femto nodes in the network. At block 1118, the centralized power controller 902 may determine whether it should make any adjustments to any requests for reduction in transmit power it receives (e.g., based on other requests it receives requesting a reduction in power for the same femto node).

At block 1120, the centralized power controller 902 may then send a message to each femto node that the centralized controller 902 determines should to reduce its power. As above, this request may indicate the degree to which the designated femto node should reduce its power.

The centralized power controller 902 receives responses from the femto nodes at block 1122. As represented by block 1124, if no NACKs are received in response to the requests issued at block 1120, the operational flow for the centralized power controller 902 returns to block 1116 where the centralized controller 902 continues to receive information from the femto nodes in the network and performs the power control operations described above.

If, on the other hand, one or more NACKs are received in response to the requests issued at block 1120, the operational flow for the centralized power controller 902 returns to block 1118 where the centralized controller 902 may identify other femto nodes that should reduce their transmit power and then sends out new power control messages (e.g., based on a ranked list received from the femto node 904A).

In view of the above it should be appreciated that the teachings herein may provide an effective way of managing transmit power of neighboring access nodes. For example, in a static environment downlink transmit powers of the femto nodes may be adjusted to a static value whereby service requirements at all access terminals may be satisfied. Consequently, such a solution to be compatible with legacy access terminals since all channels may continuously be transmitted at constant powers. In addition, in a dynamic environment transmit powers may be dynamically adjusted to accommodate the changing service requirements of the nodes in the system.

Connectivity for a femto node environment may be established in various ways. For example, FIG. 12 illustrates an exemplary communication system 1200 where one or more femto nodes are deployed within a network environment. Specifically, the system 1200 includes multiple femto nodes 1210 (e.g., femto nodes 1210A and 1210B) installed in a relatively small scale network environment (e.g., in one or more user residences 1230). Each femto node 1210 may be coupled to a wide area network 1240 (e.g., the Internet) and a mobile operator core network 1250 via a DSL router, a cable modem, a wireless link, or other connectivity means (not shown). As discussed herein, each femto node 1210 may be configured to serve associated access terminals 1220 (e.g., access terminal 1220A) and, optionally, other access terminals 1220 (e.g., access terminal 1220B). In other words, access to femto nodes 1210 may be restricted whereby a given access terminal 1220 may be served by a set of designated (e.g., home) femto node(s) 1210 but may not be served by any non-designated femto nodes 1210 (e.g., a neighbor's femto node 1210).

The owner of a femto node 1210 may subscribe to mobile service, such as, for example, 3G mobile service offered through the mobile operator core network 1250. In addition, an access terminal 1220 may be capable of operating both in macro environments and in smaller scale (e.g., residential) network environments. In other words, depending on the current location of the access terminal 1220, the access terminal 1220 may be served by an access node 1260 of the macro cell mobile network 1250 or by any one of a set of femto nodes 1210 (e.g., the femto nodes 1210A and 1210B that reside within a corresponding user residence 1230). For example, when a subscriber is outside his home, he is served by a standard macro access node (e.g., node 1260) and when the subscriber is at home, he is served by a femto node (e.g., node 1210A). Here, it should be appreciated that a femto node 1210 may be backward compatible with existing access terminals 1220.

A femto node 1210 may be deployed on a single frequency or, in the alternative, on multiple frequencies. Depending on the particular configuration, the single frequency or one or more of the multiple frequencies may overlap with one or more frequencies used by a macro node (e.g., node 1260).

An access terminal 1220 may be configured to communicate either with the macro network 1250 or the femto nodes 1210, but not both simultaneously. In addition, an access terminal 1220 being served by a femto node 1210 may not be in a soft handover state with the macro network 1250.

In some aspects, an access terminal 1220 may be configured to connect to a preferred femto node (e.g., the home femto node of the access terminal 1220) whenever such connectivity is possible. For example, whenever the access terminal 1220 is within the user's residence 1230, it may be desired that the access terminal 1220 communicate only with the home femto node 1210.

In some aspects, if the access terminal 1220 operates within the macro cellular network 1250 but is not residing on its most preferred network (e.g., as defined in a preferred roaming list), the access terminal 1220 may continue to search for the most preferred network (e.g., the preferred femto node 1210) using a Better System Reselection (“BSR”), which may involve a periodic scanning of available systems to determine whether better systems are currently available, and subsequent efforts to associate with such preferred systems. With the acquisition entry, the access terminal 1220 may limit the search for specific band and channel. For example, the search for the most preferred system may be repeated periodically. Upon discovery of a preferred femto node 1210, the access terminal 1220 selects the femto node 1210 for camping within its coverage area.

The teachings herein may be employed in a wireless multiple-access communication system that simultaneously supports communication for multiple wireless access terminals. As mentioned above, each terminal may communicate with one or more base stations via transmissions on the forward and reverse links. The forward link (or downlink) refers to the communication link from the base stations to the terminals, and the reverse link (or uplink) refers to the communication link from the terminals to the base stations. This communication link may be established via a single-in-single-out system, a multiple-in-multiple-out (“MIMO”) system, or some other type of system.

A MIMO system employs multiple (N_(T)) transmit antennas and multiple (N_(R)) receive antennas for data transmission. A MIMO channel formed by the N_(T) transmit and N_(R) receive antennas may be decomposed into N_(S) independent channels, which are also referred to as spatial channels, where N_(S)≦min{N_(T), N_(R)}. Each of the N_(S) independent channels corresponds to a dimension. The MIMO system may provide improved performance (e.g., higher throughput and/or greater reliability) if the additional dimensionalities created by the multiple transmit and receive antennas are utilized.

A MIMO system may support time division duplex (“TDD”) and frequency division duplex (“FDD”). In a TDD system, the forward and reverse link transmissions are on the same frequency region so that the reciprocity principle allows the estimation of the forward link channel from the reverse link channel. This enables the access point to extract transmit beam-forming gain on the forward link when multiple antennas are available at the access point.

The teachings herein may be incorporated into a node (e.g., a device) employing various components for communicating with at least one other node. FIG. 13 depicts several sample components that may be employed to facilitate communication between nodes. Specifically, FIG. 13 illustrates a wireless device 1310 (e.g., an access point) and a wireless device 1350 (e.g., an access terminal) of a MIMO system 1300. At the device 1310, traffic data for a number of data streams is provided from a data source 1312 to a transmit (“TX”) data processor 1314.

In some aspects, each data stream is transmitted over a respective transmit antenna. The TX data processor 1314 formats, codes, and interleaves the traffic data for each data stream based on a particular coding scheme selected for that data stream to provide coded data.

The coded data for each data stream may be multiplexed with pilot data using OFDM techniques. The pilot data is typically a known data pattern that is processed in a known manner and may be used at the receiver system to estimate the channel response. The multiplexed pilot and coded data for each data stream is then modulated (i.e., symbol mapped) based on a particular modulation scheme (e.g., BPSK, QSPK, M-PSK, or M-QAM) selected for that data stream to provide modulation symbols. The data rate, coding, and modulation for each data stream may be determined by instructions performed by a processor 1330. A data memory 1332 may store program code, data, and other information used by the processor 1330 or other components of the device 1310.

The modulation symbols for all data streams are then provided to a TX MIMO processor 1320, which may further process the modulation symbols (e.g., for OFDM). The TX MIMO processor 1320 then provides N_(T) modulation symbol streams to N_(T) transceivers (“XCVR”) 1322A through 1322T. In some aspects, the TX MIMO processor 1320 applies beam-forming weights to the symbols of the data streams and to the antenna from which the symbol is being transmitted.

Each transceiver 1322 receives and processes a respective symbol stream to provide one or more analog signals, and further conditions (e.g., amplifies, filters, and upconverts) the analog signals to provide a modulated signal suitable for transmission over the MIMO channel. N_(T) modulated signals from transceivers 1322A through 1322T are then transmitted from N_(T) antennas 1324A through 1324T, respectively.

At the device 1350, the transmitted modulated signals are received by N_(R) antennas 1352A through 1352R and the received signal from each antenna 1352 is provided to a respective transceiver (“XCVR”) 1354A through 1354R. Each transceiver 1354 conditions (e.g., filters, amplifies, and downconverts) a respective received signal, digitizes the conditioned signal to provide samples, and further processes the samples to provide a corresponding “received” symbol stream.

A receive (“RX”) data processor 1360 then receives and processes the N_(R) received symbol streams from N_(R) transceivers 1354 based on a particular receiver processing technique to provide N_(T) “detected” symbol streams. The RX data processor 1360 then demodulates, deinterleaves, and decodes each detected symbol stream to recover the traffic data for the data stream. The processing by the RX data processor 1360 is complementary to that performed by the TX MIMO processor 1320 and the TX data processor 1314 at the device 1310.

A processor 1370 periodically determines which pre-coding matrix to use (discussed below). The processor 1370 formulates a reverse link message comprising a matrix index portion and a rank value portion. A data memory 1372 may store program code, data, and other information used by the processor 1370 or other components of the device 1350.

The reverse link message may comprise various types of information regarding the communication link and/or the received data stream. The reverse link message is then processed by a TX data processor 1338, which also receives traffic data for a number of data streams from a data source 1336, modulated by a modulator 1380, conditioned by the transceivers 1354A through 1354R, and transmitted back to the device 1310.

At the device 1310, the modulated signals from the device 1350 are received by the antennas 1324, conditioned by the transceivers 1322, demodulated by a demodulator (“DEMOD”) 1340, and processed by a RX data processor 1342 to extract the reverse link message transmitted by the device 1350. The processor 1330 then determines which pre-coding matrix to use for determining the beam-forming weights then processes the extracted message.

FIG. 13 also illustrates that the communication components may include one or more components that perform power control operations as taught herein. For example, a power control component 1390 may cooperate with the processor 1330 and/or other components of the device 1310 to send/receive signals to/from another device (e.g., device 1350) as taught herein. Similarly, a power control component 1392 may cooperate with the processor 1370 and/or other components of the device 1350 to send/receive signals to/from another device (e.g., device 1310). It should be appreciated that for each device 1310 and 1350 the functionality of two or more of the described components may be provided by a single component. For example, a single processing component may provide the functionality of the power control component 1390 and the processor 1330 and a single processing component may provide the functionality of the power control component 1392 and the processor 1370.

The teachings herein may be incorporated into various types of communication systems and/or system components. In some aspects, the teachings herein may be employed in a multiple-access system capable of supporting communication with multiple users by sharing the available system resources (e.g., by specifying one or more of bandwidth, transmit power, coding, interleaving, and so on). For example, the teachings herein may be applied to any one or combinations of the following technologies: Code Division Multiple Access (“CDMA”) systems, Multiple-Carrier CDMA (“MCCDMA”), Wideband CDMA (“W-CDMA”), High-Speed Packet Access (“HSPA,” “HSPA+”) systems, High-Speed Downlink Packet Access (“HSDPA”) systems, Time Division Multiple Access (“TDMA”) systems, Frequency Division Multiple Access (“FDMA”) systems, Single-Carrier FDMA (“SC-FDMA”) systems, Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (“OFDMA”) systems, or other multiple access techniques. A wireless communication system employing the teachings herein may be designed to implement one or more standards, such as IS-95, cdma2000, IS-856, W-CDMA, TDSCDMA, and other standards. A CDMA network may implement a radio technology such as Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (“UTRA)”, cdma2000, or some other technology. UTRA includes W-CDMA and Low Chip Rate (“LCR”). The cdma2000 technology covers IS-2000, IS-95 and IS-856 standards. A TDMA network may implement a radio technology such as Global System for Mobile Communications (“GSM”). An OFDMA network may implement a radio technology such as Evolved UTRA (“E-UTRA”), IEEE 802.11, IEEE 802.16, IEEE 802.20, Flash-OFDM®, etc. UTRA, E-UTRA, and GSM are part of Universal Mobile Telecommunication System (“UMTS”). The teachings herein may be implemented in a 3GPP Long Term Evolution (“LTE”) system, an Ultra-Mobile Broadband (“UMB”) system, and other types of systems. LTE is a release of UMTS that uses E-UTRA. Although certain aspects of the disclosure may be described using 3GPP terminology, it is to be understood that the teachings herein may be applied to 3GPP (Re199, Re15, Re16, Re17) technology, as well as 3GPP2 (IxRTT, 1xEV-DO RelO, RevA, RevB) technology and other technologies.

The teachings herein may be incorporated into (e.g., implemented within or performed by) a variety of apparatuses (e.g., nodes). For example, an access node as discussed herein may be configured or referred to as an access point (“AP”), base station (“BS”), NodeB, radio network controller (“RNC”), eNodeB, base station controller (“BSC”), base transceiver station (“BTS”), transceiver function (“TF”), radio router, radio transceiver, basic service set (“BSS”), extended service set (“ESS”), radio base station (“RBS”), a femto node, a pico node, or some other terminology.

In addition, an access terminal as discussed herein may be referred to as a mobile station, user equipment, subscriber unit, subscriber station, remote station, remote terminal, user terminal, user agent, or user device. In some implementations such a node may consist of, be implemented within, or include a cellular telephone, a cordless telephone, a Session Initiation Protocol (“SIP”) phone, a wireless local loop (“WLL”) station, a personal digital assistant (“PDA”), a handheld device having wireless connection capability, or some other suitable processing device connected to a wireless modem.

Accordingly, one or more aspects taught herein may consist of, be implemented within, or include variety types of apparatuses. Such an apparatus may comprise a phone (e.g., a cellular phone or smart phone), a computer (e.g., a laptop), a portable communication device, a portable computing device (e.g., a personal data assistant), an entertainment device (e.g., a music or video device, or a satellite radio), a global positioning system device, or any other suitable device that is configured to communicate via a wireless medium.

As mentioned above, in some aspects a wireless node may comprise an access node (e.g., an access point) for a communication system. Such an access node may provide, for example, connectivity for or to a network (e.g., a wide area network such as the Internet or a cellular network) via a wired or wireless communication link. Accordingly, the access node may enable another node (e.g., an access terminal) to access the network or some other functionality. In addition, it should be appreciated that one or both of the nodes may be portable or, in some cases, relatively non-portable. Also, it should be appreciated that a wireless node (e.g., a wireless device) also may be capable of transmitting and/or receiving information in a non-wireless manner via an appropriate communication interface (e.g., via a wired connection).

A wireless node may communicate via one or more wireless communication links that are based on or otherwise support any suitable wireless communication technology. For example, in some aspects a wireless node may associate with a network. In some aspects the network may comprise a local area network or a wide area network. A wireless device may support or otherwise use one or more of a variety of wireless communication technologies, protocols, or standards such as those discussed herein (e.g., CDMA, TDMA, OFDM, OFDMA, WiMAX, Wi-Fi, and so on). Similarly, a wireless node may support or otherwise use one or more of a variety of corresponding modulation or multiplexing schemes. A wireless node may thus include appropriate components (e.g., air interfaces) to establish and communicate via one or more wireless communication links using the above or other wireless communication technologies. For example, a wireless node may comprise a wireless transceiver with associated transmitter and receiver components that may include various components (e.g., signal generators and signal processors) that facilitate communication over a wireless medium.

The components described herein may be implemented in a variety of ways. Referring to FIGS. 14-15, apparatuses 1400-1500 are represented as a series of interrelated functional blocks. In some aspects the functionality of these blocks may be implemented as a processing system including one or more processor components. In some aspects the functionality of these blocks may be implemented using, for example, at least a portion of one or more integrated circuits (e.g., an ASIC). As discussed herein, an integrated circuit may include a processor, software, other related components, or some combination thereof. The functionality of these blocks also may be implemented in some other manner as taught herein.

The apparatuses 1400-1500 may include one or more modules that may perform one or more of the functions described above with regard to various figures. For example, a maximum received signal strength determining means 1402 may correspond to, for example, a received signal strength determiner as discussed herein. A total received signal strength determining means 1404 may correspond to, for example, a total signal strength determiner as discussed herein. A transmit power determining means 1406 may correspond to, for example, a transmit power controller as discussed herein. A receiving means 1502 may correspond to, for example, a receiver as discussed herein. An identifying means 1504 may correspond to, for example, a transmit power controller as discussed herein. A transmitting means 1506 may correspond to, for example, a transmitter as discussed herein.

It should be understood that any reference to an element herein using a designation such as “first,” “second,” and so forth does not generally limit the quantity or order of those elements. Rather, these designations may be used herein as a convenient method of distinguishing between two or more elements or instances of an element. Thus, a reference to first and second elements does not mean that only two elements may be employed there or that the first element must precede the second element in some manner. Also, unless stated otherwise a set of elements may comprise one or more elements.

Those of skill in the art would understand that information and signals may be represented using any of a variety of different technologies and techniques. For example, data, instructions, commands, information, signals, bits, symbols, and chips that may be referenced throughout the above description may be represented by voltages, currents, electromagnetic waves, magnetic fields or particles, optical fields or particles, or any combination thereof.

Those of skill would further appreciate that any of the various illustrative logical blocks, modules, processors, means, circuits, and algorithm steps described in connection with the aspects disclosed herein may be implemented as electronic hardware (e.g., a digital implementation, an analog implementation, or a combination of the two, which may be designed using source coding or some other technique), various forms of program or design code incorporating instructions (which may be referred to herein, for convenience, as “software” or a “software module”), or combinations of both. To clearly illustrate this interchangeability of hardware and software, various illustrative components, blocks, modules, circuits, and steps have been described above generally in terms of their functionality. Whether such functionality is implemented as hardware or software depends upon the particular application and design constraints imposed on the overall system. Skilled artisans may implement the described functionality in varying ways for each particular application, but such implementation decisions should not be interpreted as causing a departure from the scope of the present disclosure.

The various illustrative logical blocks, modules, and circuits described in connection with the aspects disclosed herein may be implemented within or performed by an integrated circuit (“IC”), an access terminal, or an access point. The IC may comprise a general purpose processor, a digital signal processor (DSP), an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC), a field programmable gate array (FPGA) or other programmable logic device, discrete gate or transistor logic, discrete hardware components, electrical components, optical components, mechanical components, or any combination thereof designed to perform the functions described herein, and may execute codes or instructions that reside within the IC, outside of the IC, or both. A general purpose processor may be a microprocessor, but in the alternative, the processor may be any conventional processor, controller, microcontroller, or state machine. A processor may also be implemented as a combination of computing devices, e.g., a combination of a DSP and a microprocessor, a plurality of microprocessors, one or more microprocessors in conjunction with a DSP core, or any other such configuration.

It is understood that any specific order or hierarchy of steps in any disclosed process is an example of a sample approach. Based upon design preferences, it is understood that the specific order or hierarchy of steps in the processes may be rearranged while remaining within the scope of the present disclosure. The accompanying method claims present elements of the various steps in a sample order, and are not meant to be limited to the specific order or hierarchy presented.

The functions described may be implemented in hardware, software, firmware, or any combination thereof. If implemented in software, the functions may be stored on or transmitted over as one or more instructions or code on a computer-readable medium. Computer-readable media includes both computer storage media and communication media including any medium that facilitates transfer of a computer program from one place to another. A storage media may be any available media that can be accessed by a computer. By way of example, and not limitation, such computer-readable media can comprise RAM, ROM, EEPROM, CD-ROM or other optical disk storage, magnetic disk storage or other magnetic storage devices, or any other medium that can be used to carry or store desired program code in the form of instructions or data structures and that can be accessed by a computer. Also, any connection is properly termed a computer-readable medium. For example, if the software is transmitted from a website, server, or other remote source using a coaxial cable, fiber optic cable, twisted pair, digital subscriber line (DSL), or wireless technologies such as infrared, radio, and microwave, then the coaxial cable, fiber optic cable, twisted pair, DSL, or wireless technologies such as infrared, radio, and microwave are included in the definition of medium. Disk and disc, as used herein, includes compact disc (CD), laser disc, optical disc, digital versatile disc (DVD), floppy disk and blu-ray disc where disks usually reproduce data magnetically, while discs reproduce data optically with lasers. Combinations of the above should also be included within the scope of computer-readable media. In summary, it should be appreciated that a computer-readable medium may be implemented in any suitable computer-program product.

The previous description of the disclosed aspects is provided to enable any person skilled in the art to make or use the present disclosure. Various modifications to these aspects will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art, and the generic principles defined herein may be applied to other aspects without departing from the scope of the disclosure. Thus, the present disclosure is not intended to be limited to the aspects shown herein but is to be accorded the widest scope consistent with the principles and novel features disclosed herein. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A method of wireless communication, comprising: determining a maximum received signal strength among a plurality of macro base stations; determining a total received signal strength from the plurality of macro base stations; and determining a maximum transmit power value for an access node based on the determined maximum received signal strength and the total received signal strength.
 2. The method of claim 1, further comprising determining received pilot signal strength associated with a pilot signal from a node, wherein the determination of the maximum transmit power value is further based on the determined received pilot signal strength.
 3. The method of claim 2, wherein: the determination of the received pilot signal strength comprises receiving pilot signals from the plurality of macro base stations, and determining which of the pilot signals has a highest received signal strength; and the determined received pilot signal strength corresponds to the highest received signal strength.
 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the maximum transmit power value comprises a downlink transmit power value for a base station.
 5. The method of claim 1, further comprising limiting the maximum transmit power value based on predefined limits.
 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the maximum transmit power value comprises a first preliminary maximum transmit power value, the method further comprising: determining at least one other preliminary maximum transmit power value; and determining a maximum transmit power value based on a minimum of the first and at least one other preliminary maximum transmit power value.
 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the maximum transmit power value is determined for a femto node or a pico node.
 8. The method of claim 1, further comprising: determining whether a node is within a coverage area of the access node for which the maximum transmit power value is determined; and adjusting the determined maximum transmit power value based on the determination of whether the node is within the coverage area.
 9. The method of claim 1, wherein the access node receives signals and transmits signals on a same frequency in an operating frequency band.
 10. The method of claim 1, wherein the access node supports time division duplexing with forward and reverse link transmissions on a same frequency region.
 11. An apparatus for wireless communication, comprising: a received signal strength determiner configured to determine a maximum received signal strength among a plurality of macro base stations at a receiver; a total received signal strength determiner configured to determine a total received signal strength from the plurality of macro base stations; and a transmit power controller configured to determine a maximum transmit power value for an access node based on the determined maximum received signal strength at the receiver and the determined total received signal strength.
 12. The apparatus of claim 11, wherein the received signal strength determiner is further configured to determine a received pilot signal strength associated with a pilot signal from a node, and the transmit power controller is further configured to determine the maximum transmit power value further based on the determined received pilot signal strength.
 13. The apparatus of claim 12, wherein: the determination of the received pilot signal strength comprises receiving pilot signals from the plurality of macro base stations, and determining which of the pilot signals has a highest received signal strength; and the determined received pilot signal strength corresponds to the highest received signal strength.
 14. The apparatus of claim 11, wherein the maximum transmit power value comprises a downlink transmit power value for a base station.
 15. The apparatus of claim 11, further comprising a limit determiner configured to limit the maximum transmit power value based on predefined limits.
 16. The apparatus of claim 11, wherein the maximum transmit power value comprises a first preliminary maximum transmit power value, the transmit power controller further configured to: determine at least one other preliminary maximum transmit power value; and determine a maximum transmit power value based on a minimum of the first and at least one other preliminary maximum transmit power value.
 17. The apparatus of claim 11, wherein the maximum transmit power value is determined for a femto node or a pico node.
 18. The apparatus of claim 11, further comprising: a node detector configured to determine whether a node is within a coverage area of the access node for which the maximum transmit power value is determined; and the transmit power controller further configured to adjust the determined maximum transmit power value based on the determination of whether the node is within the coverage area.
 19. The apparatus of claim 11, wherein the access node receives signals and transmits signals on a same frequency in an operating frequency band.
 20. The apparatus of claim 11, wherein the access node supports time division duplexing with forward and reverse link transmissions on a same frequency region.
 21. An apparatus for wireless communication, comprising: means for determining a maximum received signal strength among a plurality of macro base stations; means for determining a total received signal strength from the plurality of macro base stations; and means for determining a maximum transmit power value for an access node based on the determined maximum received signal strength and the total received signal strength.
 22. The apparatus of claim 21, further comprising means for determining received pilot signal strength associated with a pilot signal from a node, wherein the determination of the maximum transmit power value is further based on the determined received pilot signal strength.
 23. The apparatus of claim 22, wherein: the determination of the received pilot signal strength comprises means for receiving pilot signals from the plurality of macro base stations, and means for determining which of the pilot signals has a highest received signal strength; and the determined received pilot signal strength corresponds to the highest received signal strength.
 24. The apparatus of claim 21, wherein the maximum transmit power value comprises a downlink transmit power value for a base station.
 25. The apparatus of claim 21, further comprising means for limiting the maximum transmit power value based on predefined limits.
 26. The apparatus of claim 21, wherein the maximum transmit power value comprises a first preliminary maximum transmit power value, the apparatus further comprising: means for determining at least one other preliminary maximum transmit power value; and means for determining a maximum transmit power value based on a minimum of the first and at least one other preliminary maximum transmit power value.
 27. The apparatus of claim 21, wherein the maximum transmit power value is determined for a femto node or a pico node.
 28. The apparatus of claim 21, further comprising: means for determining whether a node is within a coverage area of the access node for which the maximum transmit power value is determined; and means for adjusting the determined maximum transmit power value based on the determination of whether the node is within the coverage area.
 29. The apparatus of claim 21, wherein the access node receives signals and transmits signals on a same frequency in an operating frequency band.
 30. The apparatus of claim 21, wherein the access node supports time division duplexing with forward and reverse link transmissions on a same frequency region.
 31. A non-transitory computer-readable medium comprising codes for causing a computer to: determine a maximum received signal strength among a plurality of macro base stations; determine a total received signal strength from the plurality of macro base stations; and determine a maximum transmit power value for an access node based on the determined maximum received signal strength and the total received signal strength.
 32. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 31, further comprising codes for causing the computer to determine a received pilot signal strength associated with a pilot signal from a node, wherein the determination of the maximum transmit power value is further based on the determined received pilot signal strength.
 33. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 32, wherein: the determination of the received pilot signal strength comprises receiving pilot signals from the plurality of macro base stations, and determining which of the pilot signals has a highest received signal strength; and the determined received pilot signal strength corresponds to the highest received signal strength.
 34. The computer-readable medium of claim 31, wherein the maximum transmit power value comprises a downlink transmit power value for a base station.
 35. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 31, further comprising codes for causing the computer to limit the maximum transmit power value based on predefined limits.
 36. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 31, wherein the maximum transmit power value comprises a first preliminary maximum transmit power value, the non-transitory computer-readable medium further comprising codes for causing the computer to: determine at least one other preliminary maximum transmit power value; and determine a maximum transmit power value based on a minimum of the first and at least one other preliminary maximum transmit power value.
 37. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 31, wherein the maximum transmit power value is determined for a femto node or a pico node.
 38. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 31, further comprising codes causing the computer to: determine whether a node is within a coverage area of the access node for which the maximum transmit power value is determined; and adjust the determined maximum transmit power value based on the determination of whether the node is within the coverage area.
 39. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 31, wherein the access node receives signals and transmits signals on a same frequency in an operating frequency band.
 40. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 31, wherein the access node supports time division duplexing with forward and reverse link transmissions on a same frequency region. 